2015-2019
    Examining the thorny moral problem of foetal reduction
    
        Michael Cook |
        It is a truth universally acknowledged that defending an opinion on abortion will make at least half of one’s readers unhappy. But Joona Räsänen, a Finnish bioethicist at the University of Oslo, defends an opinion on abortion in the Journal of Medical Ethics which is bound to make all of them unhappy.. . .
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Distinguishing between elective abortions and other medical interventions
    
       Sean Murphy | It is often thought that "termination of pregnancy" is simply a euphemism for abortion.  While that may often be the case, two news releases issued in the fall of 2019 (below) demonstrate that "termination of pregnancy" can also be understood as a separation of an infant or foetus 
in utero from the mother (thus terminating the pregnancy) with the intention of saving the life of the mother, even if the life of the infant/foetus cannot be saved.  It appears that all of the organizations involved agree that abortion/termination of pregnancy can be justified for this reason. . .
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            Draft Irish Abortion Law: Protection of Conscience
 Houses of the Oireachtas (Tithe an Oireachtais) Debates-December, 2018
    
     
    2010-2014
	Nurse describes 22 week old abortion survivor dying in clinical waste 
	room
	
		Caren Ní hAllacháin | "I was an 
		agency nurse in Sydney Australia in the early 90s and I was on a ward 
		one night when a woman had come in for an abortion. She was 22 weeks 
		pregnant and had been told her baby had a chromosomal abnormality. I 
		went into the sluice room and I saw the baby, a 22 week old baby boy, in 
		a kidney dish in at the sink where all the clinical waste was flushed. 
		He was small but he was perfect. You could see his toes, his hands, he 
		seemed like he had blond hair. He was the full size of the kidney dish 
		and he was alive. I could see the rise and fall of his chest, he was 
		breathing." . . . 
		    Video
	 
	Objecting nurse describes coerced participation in abortion
	
	
		Cathy Cenzon-Decarlo | A 
		nurse formerly employed at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York describes 
		being coerced to participate in abortion. The story illustrates the need 
		for protection of conscience legislation and policies as well as the 
		kind of experience that can cause health care workers to refuse to 
		participate in abortion for reasons of conscience. . . . 
Video
	 
	Anti-conscientious objection article in Irish Times very misleading
	
		Dr. Angelo Bottone 
		| In March, 2017, the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations 
		criticized Italy for failing to provide adequate access to abortion, 
		citing high rates of conscientious objection by physicians as a 
		"barrier" to access.  News articles appearing earlier in the month 
		made or referred to the same kind of claim [
Mirage News, 
		The Daily Beast, 
Crux].  The 
Irish Times 
		column to which Dr. Bottone refers, appearing at the end of May, 
		repeated the claims, apparently for the purpose of persuading Irish 
		readers that the law or state policy should override the freedom of 
		conscience and religion by compelling participation in abortion.  
		Dr. Bottone uses Italian language sources to effectively counter the 
		claims made by abortion advocates. . . .
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	Abortion in "rural" British Columbia 
	Researchers include city of 85,000 as part of "rural" B.C.
	
		Sean Murphy 
		| Two recent research papers based on a 2011 survey of physicians 
		providing abortion in British Columbia assert that "rural abortion 
		services are disappearing in Canada."  However, what the papers 
		contribute to an understanding of the "barriers" to abortion services in 
		rural British Columbia is doubtful, for two reasons.  First: the 
		analytical structure proposed (the urban-rural dichotomy as defined by 
		the authors) is inadequate.  Second: the authors ignore the significance 
		of an important variable: the nature of the facilities or institutions 
		where abortions are performed. . . 
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	Draft Irish Abortion Law: Protection of Conscience
 
	
	Testimony before the Joint Committee on Health and Children 
	Houses of the Oireachtas (Tithe an Oireachtais)
	Dublin, Ireland 17-21 May, 2013
	
		
			Policy: Overview of Head of Bill
			Regulatory and Representative Bodies
			Obstetric Care Facilities: Larger Hospitals
			Obstetric Care Facilities: Smaller Hospitals
		 
		
		
			Psychiatry and Perinatal Psychiatrists
			Psychiatry
		 
		
		
        
			Medical Law
			Constitutional Law
			Medical Ethics
		
		 
	
	A "medical misadventure" in Ireland: Deaths of Savita & Prasa Halappanavar
	(Galway, Ireland: 21-28 October, 2012)
	
		Sean Murphy| 
		Savita Halappanavar was a 31 year old woman who was 17 weeks pregnant 
		when she presented at the University Hospital, Galway. . . with 
	a miscarriage.  She spontaneously delivered a stillborn daughter, 
	Prasa, on the afternoon of 24 October, and died from sepsis early on 28 
	October.  The circumstances of her death generated a hurricane of 
	controversy in Ireland and around the world about Irish abortion law.  
	A coroner's inquest held in Galway in April, 2013 resulted in the 
	classification of Savita's death as a "medical misadventure." . . . 
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		Abortion and Prince Edward Island: Group encourages complaints against 
		objecting physicians
		(Canada: November, 2011)
	
		Sean Murphy
		| . . .The attempt to characterize the exercise of freedom 
	of conscience by physicians as 'professional misconduct' may surprise 
	Islanders who remember the promises made when abortion was legalized in 
	Canada over forty years ago. . . 
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		Clarifying the Clarification: 
		College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
		Saskatchewan 
		Guideline on Unplanned Pregnancy
		(Canada: February, 2011)
	
		Sean Murphy 
		| . . . physicians who object to abortion for reasons 
	of conscience - whether globally or, like Dr. Morgentaler, selectively - can 
	hardly be disciplined for failing to adhere to ambiguous directives or 
	guidelines. . . 
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		Doctors under pressure as abortion demand goes up
			(Viet Nam: March, 2010)  
	
		 Than Nien 
	News | . . .The psychological trauma faced by doctors could 
	emerge as an important issue with the rapidly increasing number of people 
	seeking to have abortions. . . 
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    2000-2004
		
		Alarmed by freedom of conscience
		(UN, 
		Geneva,Switzerland: November, 2004)
	
		The United Nations Human Rights Committee has told Poland to 
		"liberalize its legislation and practice on abortion," and has also 
		complained about the lack of information available about conscientious 
		objection to abortion by physicians, which, it seems, the Committee 
		finds unacceptable. . . .
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		Are Pro-Life Healthcare Providers Becoming an Endangered Species? 
		(USA. 
		2003)
		
			Nancy Valko, RN 
			 | . . . Slowly but surely, more and more pro-life doctors, 
	nurses and other healthcare professionals are getting the message that they 
	and their views are unwelcome in today's health care system. But these 
	public items tell only a small part of the story. Intimidation, harassment 
	and coercion are becoming increasingly common as pro-life health care 
	providers try to advocate for both their patients and their professional 
	ethics. . . 
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		Medical Students for Choice: Pro-choice group at UBC 
		(Canada: October, 2002)
		
			Greg J. Edwards 
			| . . .one might conclude that any journalist who is 
	granted an interview with MSFC spokesmen must be a parrot for its cause: 
	near-mandatory, if not mandatory, abortion training in medical schools. . . 
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		Accommodating Conscience 
		(Canada: October, 2002)
	
		Greg J. Edwards 
			|	. . .a recent contract cancellation at B.C. Women's Hospital, as well as 
	developments in other provinces, raises doubt as to whether nurses do in 
	fact enjoy unfettered freedoms of conscience and religion. . . Nurses get 
	apprehensive when asked whether they do. . . 
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		No Place for Abortion in African Traditional Life - Some Reflections 
		
		(Uganda, 2002)
		
			Fr. Bonaventure Turyomumazima 
			| . . .I wish, however, to approach the rest of the reflections from 
			the point of view of what I may call pre-Christianity African 
			religious beliefs and practices on the subject of abortion. My stand 
			is that there is no place for abortion even in pre-Christianity 
			African tradition. . . 
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		Canadian International Aid Tied to Abortion, Charges Doctor
		(East Timor, 2002)
		
			CFAM | ". . . we tried to establish essential obstetrical 
	care in East Timor, where there are no obstetricians. It was made clear to 
	us by the UN that we were not welcome unless we were prepared to provide 
	reproductive health care, which is abortion, the morning after pill, 
	sterilization, etc. Of course, we refused, so the UN has blocked our 
	participation." . . . 
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		General practice docs, obstetrics and palliative care 
		(Canada: September, 2002)
		
			Greg J. Edwards 
			|. . .in spite of their rights being recognized, many 
	doctors don't want to publicize their views, especially in the press, where 
	their views are often distorted and sensationalized. They prefer to make "no 
	comment." Or they speak "on background only." They want to remain anonymous.  
	They fear the wrath of a profession and a society that have accepted 
	abortion as ordinary and artificial birth control as natural. . . 
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		A national battle over healthcare ethics threatens to put any 
		conscience-guided Doctor in the Lions' Den 
		(USA, 2001)
		
			Jonathan Imbody | . . .According to Peter 
							Hildering, M.D., a family physician and leader of 
							the Dutch Physicians Guild, Dutch Christian 
							physicians and medical students find themselves in 
							the "lions' den" of medical ethics challenges. 
							Hildering says that his organization is receiving 
							reports of discrimination against Christian 
							physicians who buck a healthcare system that 
							aggressively advances abortion and euthanasia. . . 
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		The Obstetric-Gynaecological Practice in the Czech Republic during the 
		Communist Regime and in the Present Days (1980-2001)
		
			Miloslav Nesyba
								
			...The abortions could have been done only in 
	hospitals, the doctor-gynaecologist was forced to and had to perform them, 
	if he/she had refused, they had to leave the field in which they worked and 
	had to go to another one or to an ambulatory department where their duties 
	were to fill in applications for abortion. . . The change of the political 
	system brought a great change in the work of doctors- gynaecologists. No 
	doctor is forced to perform abortions or has to be involved . . . 
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		MD's, Pharmacists should follow conscience 
		(Canada: June 2001)
		
			Laureen McMahon | Canadian Physicians for Life have strongly rejected a statement from 
	Planned Parenthood in Alberta that pro-life doctors who don't wish to do 
	abortions are obliged to refer patients to their colleagues for the 
	procedure. . . . 
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		Chinese hospital workers divided over attempts to kill abortion survivor 
		
		(Heilongjiang province, China: April-May 2001)
		
		
			Sean Murphy 
			| . . . significant official pressure was brought to bear on medical 
			staff to force them to act contrary to their conscientious 
			convictions in furtherance of state policy. . . it would not be 
			surprising if the incident . . . caused some of the medical staff to 
			modify their views about abortion, suggesting the likelihood of 
			further conflicts of conscience. . .This also occurs in western 
			democracies . . . and the same question arises in both the east and 
			west; will those health care workers be forced out of their 
			professions? . . . 
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		Pro-life OB-GYNs Left Out in the Cold: MaterCare Founder Robert Walley 
		Hopes to Change That 
		(May, 2001)
		
			Zenit | ". . . It is clear to us that there 
							is discrimination against Catholic and pro-life 
							doctors in many countries who wish to specialize but 
							who refuse to participate in abortion or birth 
							control. They are coming under a lot of pressure to 
							compromise and this has serious consequences. . . "
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		Conscientious Objection to Abortion 
		(United Kingdom, 2001)
		
	Helen Barratt 
	| . . . It is increasingly difficult for Christian doctors to enter careers in 
	certain specialties and there is substantial evidence of discrimination. A 
	CMF survey of 1405 doctors revealed that 14% of doctors felt they had been 
	discriminated against because of their abortion views. Four thought they had 
	been refused jobs whilst five members had had to change jobs or even 
	specialties. . . 
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		Conscientious Objection in Ireland 
		(May, 2000)
	Testimony | ". . .the people who would be asked to 
	carry out the terminations of pregnancy are the gynaecologists in this 
	country, and as I've mentioned already, you know, for religious, moral and 
	ethical reasons most of my colleagues would be extremely unhappy to be asked 
	to do so. In fact most, I am sure, would not do it. . ." 
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		United Nations, US officials acting oppressively in East Timor
		(East 
		Timor: 2000)
	Sean Murphy
	| ". . .I met with officials at WHO and CNRT, the latter headed by US 
	officials, and was struck by how aggressive they were in imposing their 
	views and their values on the people. The Timorese doctors I met felt 
	themselves oppressed, and expressed concern about the secretive nature of 
	the activities of WHO and the CNRT committee. . . " 
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		Life Support, Anyone? Pro-Life Physician Answers the Challenge 
		(Los 
		Angeles, California: 1999-2000)
	Katherine Schlaerth | . . . I objected to this 
	commandeering of a nurse who clearly felt uncomfortable assisting at an 
	abortion . . .  
							After that occurrence, I found that my fellow 
							physicians in our department were distancing 
							themselves from me, even those who claimed to be 
							"pro-life." Everyone was afraid that a show of 
							support would put jobs in jeopardy. . . 
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1995-1999
			
		Abortion and Conscientious Objection 
			(United Kingdom, 1999)
		
	Peter Saunders 
	| A third of junior doctors are refusing on moral grounds to perform 
	abortions according to a study conducted by the Abortion Law Reform 
	Association (ALRA).  In 
	some NHS hospitals all juniors have exercised their right to conscientious 
	objection under the 1968 Abortion Act. . .  
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		A New Low in Heartlessness:
		Born alive, left to die 
		(Chicago, Illinois: 1999)
		
			Dennis Byrne | . . . One hospital nurse has complained that babies are 
	sometimes are left to struggle on their own for up six or seven hours until 
	death frees them from their torment. . . She said a newborn, with no one 
	around to hold it, once was left to die in a soiled linen closet--a charge 
	the hospital denies. . . 
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		Court orders abortion, sterilization 
		(Province of Quebec, Canada: 1999)
		
			Sean Murphy 
			| In July, 1999, Quebec Superior Court Judge Paul Vezina ordered 
			that Cassandre Lavoie have a second trimester abortion and tubal 
			ligation. Lavoie, who was mentally ill, had been a ward of the 
			province of Quebec for five years. Evidence received by the court 
			was that she was not capable of requesting or consenting to the 
			procedures. . . 
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		United Nations Committee: 
		Conscientious Objection "an infringement of. . 
		. rights"
		(August, 1997)
	UN Committee Report | . . .the Committee is . . . 
	concerned about information regarding the refusal, by some hospitals, to 
	provide abortions on the basis of conscientious objection of doctors. The 
	Committee considers this to be an infringement of women's reproductive 
	rights. . . 
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		Bishop protests on behalf of nurses 
		(Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada:1997)
		
			Sean Murphy
			| . . . Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the Thunder Bay 
			controversy was the case of the single nurse . . . who had been a 
			peri-operative nurse for eleven years, [who]suffered such intense 
			"physical and emotional anxiety" as a result of her exposure to 
			abortions . . .that she was referred to the Employee Assistance 
			programme. . . 
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		Are State Doctors in the Western Cape willing to implement the Choice of 
		Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996?
		(South Africa: November, 1997) 
		
		
			H.R.G. Ward B.Sc.(Med) | . . . In 1994, Dooley warned that prior to a country 
							drafting abortion legislation, a prudent government 
							will consider in advance how it will find enough 
							health care professionals who will in good 
							conscience assist in abortions. In too many 
			countries a law permits abortion and requires health professionals 
			to implement the law but little or no attention has been given the 
			basic principle of respecting conscientious refusal. This issue was 
			raised again in the South African parliamentary public hearings in 
			October 1996.   
							It appears to have gone unheeded and the current 
							unsatisfactory situation continues to exist. . . 
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		South Africa Changes Abortion Law: Warnings Ignored (1996-97)
		
			H.R.G. Ward B.Sc.(Med) |. . .The possible imprisonment of any person including 
	vital service personnel, found guilty of "obstructing or failing to refer a 
	woman eligible for an abortion" exposes a deplorable Nazi style attitude to 
	people of conscience. To expect complicity of this nature is like in the 
	words of Dr.Charles Oettle ordering a man who does not believe in the death 
	penalty to blindfold the prisoner and load the rifles for the firing squad. 
			. . 
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		Abortion and Conscientious Objection 
		(United Kingdom: 1996)
		
			Peter Saunders 
			| . . . In my work among medical students, I am frequently 
	asked about the practicalities of conscientious objection. The vast majority 
	of students are not asking whether abortion is right and wrong. Rather they 
	are asking: 'Given that abortion is wrong, how should I handle the 
	situations where pressure is being put upon me to participate?' . . . 
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